package strings;

/**
 * Soundex - the Soundex Algorithm, as described by Knuth
 * <p>
 * This class implements the soundex algorithm as described by Donald
 * Knuth in Volume 3 of <I>The Art of Computer Programming</I>.  The
 * algorithm is intended to hash words (in particular surnames) into
 * a small space using a simple model which approximates the sound of
 * the word when spoken by an English speaker.  Each word is reduced
 * to a four character string, the first character being an upper case
 * letter and the remaining three being digits. Double letters are
 * collapsed to a single digit.
 * 
 * <h2>EXAMPLES</h2>
 * Knuth's examples of various names and the soundex codes they map
 * to are:
 * <b>Euler, Ellery -> E460
 * <b>Gauss, Ghosh -> G200
 * <b>Hilbert, Heilbronn -> H416
 * <b>Knuth, Kant -> K530
 * <b>Lloyd, Ladd -> L300
 * <b>Lukasiewicz, Lissajous -> L222
 * 
 * <h2>LIMITATIONS</h2>
 * As the soundex algorithm was originally used a <B>long</B> time ago
 * in the United States of America, it uses only the English alphabet
 * and pronunciation.
 * <p>
 * As it is mapping a large space (arbitrary length strings) onto a
 * small space (single letter plus 3 digits) no inference can be made
 * about the similarity of two strings which end up with the same
 * soundex code.  For example, both "Hilbert" and "Heilbronn" end up
 * with a soundex code of "H416".
 * <p>
 * The soundex() method is static, as it maintains no per-instance
 * state; this means you never need to instantiate this class.
 *
 * @author Perl implementation by Mike Stok (<stok@cybercom.net>) from
 * the description given by Knuth.  Ian Phillips (<ian@pipex.net>) and
 * Rich Pinder (<rpinder@hsc.usc.edu>) supplied ideas and spotted
 * mistakes.
 * @author Ian Darwin, https://darwinsys.com/ (Java Version)
 */
// tag::main[]
public class Soundex {
	
	static boolean debug = false;

	/* Implements the mapping
	 * from: AEHIOUWYBFPVCGJKQSXZDTLMNR
	 * to:   00000000111122222222334556
	 */
	public static final char[] MAP = {
		//A  B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M
		'0','1','2','3','0','1','2','0','0','2','2','4','5',
		//N  O   P   W   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z
		'5','0','1','2','6','2','3','0','1','0','2','0','2'
	};

	/** Convert the given String to its Soundex code.
	 * @return null If the given string can't be mapped to Soundex.
	 */
	public static String soundex(String s) {

		// Algorithm works on uppercase (mainframe era).
		String t = s.toUpperCase();

		StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
		char c, prev = '?', prevOutput = '?';

		// Main loop: find up to 4 chars that map.
		for (int i=0; i<t.length() && res.length() < 4 &&
			(c = t.charAt(i)) != ','; i++) {

			// Check to see if the given character is alphabetic.
			// Text is already converted to uppercase. Algorithm
			// only handles ASCII letters, do NOT use Character.isLetter()!
			// Also, skip double letters.
			if (c>='A' && c<='Z' && c != prev) {
				prev = c;

				// First char is installed unchanged, for sorting.
				if (i==0) {
					res.append(c);
				} else {
					char m = MAP[c-'A'];
					if (debug) {
						System.out.println(c + " --> " + m);
					}
					if (m != '0' && m != prevOutput) {
						res.append(m);
						prevOutput = m;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		if (res.length() == 0)
			return null;
		for (int i=res.length(); i<4; i++)
			res.append('0');
		return res.toString();
	}
	// end::main[]
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		for (String name : args) {
			System.out.println(Soundex.soundex(name) + ' ' + name);
		}
	}
}
